Notes
1 Brij Kothari and Tathagata Bandyopadhyay, “Can India’s ‘Literate’ Read?,” International Review of Education, vol. 56, no. 5, 2010.
2 Robert Vanderplank, Captioned Media in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching: Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing as Tools for Language Learning, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
3 Géry d’Ydewalle, Caroline Praet, Karl Verfaille, et al., “Watching Subtitled Television: Automatic Reading Behavior,” Communication Research, October 1, 1991. These researchers were the first to report automatic reading of subtitles among good readers.
4 Brij Kothari, Avinash Pandey, and Amita R. Chudgar, “Reading Out of the ‘Idiot Box’: Same-Language Subtitling on Television in India,” Information Technologies and International Development, vol. 2, no. 1, 2004; Brij Kothari et al., “Same Language Subtitling: A Butterfly for Literacy?” International Journal of Lifelong Education, vol. 21, no. 1, 2002.
5 Brij Kothari and Tathagata Bandyopadhyay, “Same Language Subtitling of Bollywood Film Songs on TV: Effects of Literacy,” Information Technologies and International Development, vol. 10, no. 4, 2014.
6 Brij Kothari, “Film Songs as Continuing Education—Same Language Subtitling for Literacy,” Economic & Political Weekly, vol. 33, no. 39, 1998.
7 Kothari et al., “Same Language Subtitling.”
8 Kothari, Pandey, and Chudgar, “Reading Out of the ‘Idiot Box.’”
9 Kothari and Bandyopadhyay, “Same Language Subtitling of Bollywood Film Songs.”
10 Joseph S. Nye, “The Information Revolution and Soft Power,” Current History, vol. 113, no. 759, 2014.
11 NITI Aayog replaced India’s Planning Commission in 2015.
12 Steven Teles and Mark Schmitt, “The Elusive Craft of Evaluating Advocacy,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, vol. 9, no. 3, 2011.