Notes
1 See Satish Nambisan, “Platforms for Collaboration,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, vol. 7, no. 3, 2009, and John Kania and Mark Kramer, “Collective Impact,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, vol. 9, no. 1, 2011.
2 Tara McGuinness and Anne-Marie Slaughter, “The New Practice of Public Problem Solving,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, vol. 17, no. 2, 2019.
3 Christian Seelos and Johanna Mair, “When Innovation Goes Wrong,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, vol. 14, no. 4, 2016.
4 Anita M. McGahan et al., “Tackling Societal Challenges with Open Innovation,” California Management Review, vol. 63, no. 2, 2021.
5 Andrew King and Karim R. Lakhani, “Open Innovation to Identify the Best Ideas,” MIT Sloan Management Review, vol. 55, no. 1, 2013.
6 There are various iterations of what has come to be known as Joy’s Law. The earliest citation is found in Brent Schlender, “Whose Internet Is It, Anyway?” Fortune, vol. 132, no. 12, 1995.
7 See Open Government Partnership: www.opengovpartnership.org.
8 Anjali Sastry and Kara Penn, “Why Hackathons Are Bad for Innovation,” Fast Company, December 1, 2015.
9 Christian Bason, “Design-Led Innovation in Government,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, vol. 11, no. 2, 2013.
Johanna Mair is a professor of organization, strategy, and leadership at the Hertie School in Berlin; codirects the Global Innovation for Impact Lab at Stanford PACS; and is the academic editor of Stanford Social Innovation Review. She is coauthor, with Christian Seelos, of Innovation and Scaling for Impact: How Effective Social Enterprises Do It.
Thomas Gegenhuber is a professor of management of sociotechnical transitions at the Johannes Kepler University Linz and visiting researcher at the Leuphana University Lüneburg. His research interests include how openness and digitalization affect strategy, innovation, and (social) entrepreneurship.
Acknowledgments: This article is the outcome of a real learning partnership: The Vodafone Foundation Germany supported the research project, research associates Laura Thäter and René Lührsen provided valuable analytical support, and the participants and organizers of #WirVsVirus and #UpdateDeutschland generously shared their experiences and insights.