Notes
1 Hurun Global Rich List 2016, Huron Institute, 2016.
2 Global Wealth Report 2015, Credit Suisse, 2015.
3 Past Philanthropists: How Giving Has Evolved, Trade Union Congress of the Philippines, 2012.
4 China Philanthropic Donation Report 2014, China Charity Information Centre.
5 “Collectivism is defined as a social model in which members are more invested in the interests of the group to which they belong than to their own individual interests. Cooperation is valued more heavily than competition in collectivist cultures, and group needs and preferences take precedence over those of the individual. Core values of these types of cultures include social embeddedness, collective identity group solidarity and group decision-making.” Ed. Shane J. Lopez, The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
6 Jack Ma’s speech at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference.
7 The Paradise International Foundation was founded by Jack Ma and Pony Ma.
8 Giana Eckhardt, “Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organisations Across Nations,” Australian Journal of Management, vol. 27, no. 1, 2002: pp. 89-94.
9 Benjamin Schneider, Mark G. Ehrhart, and William H. Macey, “Organizational Climate and Culture,” Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 64, 2013, pp. 361-388.
10 Shinobu Kitayama, Hazel Rose Markus, Hisaya Matsumoto, and Vinai Norasakkunkit, “Individual and Collective Processes in the Construction of the Self: Self- Enhancement in the United States and Self-Criticism in Japan,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 72, no. 6, 1997, pp. 1245-1267.
11 Harry C. Triandis, Christopher McCusker, and C. H. Hui, “Multimethod Probes of Individualism and Collectivism,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 59, no. 5, 1990, pp. 1006-1020.
12 Michelle Downie, Richard Koestner, Elizabeth Horberg, and Silje Haga, “Exploring the Relation of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals to Why and How People Pursue Personal Goals,” Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 146, no. 5, 2006, pp. 517-531.
13 Ibid.
14 Ye Wang, “Individualism/Collectivism, Charitable Giving, and Cause-Related Marketing: A Comparison of Chinese and Americans,” International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, vol. 19, no. 1, 2014, pp. 40-51.
15 Nir Kshetri, “Institutional Changes Affecting Entrepreneurship in China,” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, vol. 12, no. 4, 2007, pp. 415-432.
16 Peter J. Peverelli and Jiwen Song, Chinese Entrepreneurship: A Social Capital Approach, Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
17 “Chinese Entrepreneurs Club Donated One Million on Reestablishing Schools in Disaster Areas,” China Entrepreneur Club, May 2008.
18 Jinglun Zhang, “Changing Philanthropy into Collective Action,” Philanthropy in Motion, August 2016.
19 Xiaojie Chen, “The Analysis of Private Enterprises Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation in the Harmonious Society,” November 2012.
20 Houliang Song, “The Internationalization Road for Chinese Philanthropists,” China Philanthropist, November 26, 2014.
21 “The Effective Philanthropic Method with Wisdom—Zhejiang Dunhe Foundation,” China Foundation Center, 2014.
22 Guangbiao Chen’s Business Transition.
23 Tsu, Bp. Yu Yue, The Spirit of Chinese Philanthropy: A Study in Mutual Aid, vol. 50, no. 1, New York: Columbia University Language, 1912.
24 Guoqiang Long, Simon Zadek, and Joshua Wickerham, Advancing Sustainable Competitiveness of China’s Transnational Corporations, DRC/AccountAbility, 2009.
25 Xu-Hong Li and Xiaoya Liang, “A Confucian Social Model of Political Appointments Among Chinese Private-Firm Entrepreneurs,” Academy of Management Journal, vol. 58, no. 2, 2015, pp. 592-617.
26 Li-Wen Lin, “Corporate Social Responsibility in China: Window Dressing or Structural Change,” Berkeley Journal of International Law, vol. 28, no. 1, 2010, pp. 64-100.
27 Yingshi Yu and Zhijia Yu, Confucian Ethics and Businessmen’s Spirits, Guilin, Guangxi: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2004.
28 Financial Times report.
29 Weiping Wang, “An Overview of Philanthropy Causes in Tang and Song Dynasty,” History Monthly, vol. 3, 2000: 95-102.
30 Dali Ma and William L. Parish, “Tocquevillian Moments: Charitable Contributions by Chinese Private Entrepreneurs,” Social Forces, 2006, pp. 943-964.
31 Qiuguang Zhou, “The Content and Characteristic Analysis of China’s Modern Philanthropy Cause,” History Teaching, vol. 36, no. 8, 2008, pp. 121-127.
32 Mayfair Mei-hui Yang, “The Resilience of Guanxi and Its New Deployments: A Critique of Some New Guanxi Scholarship,” China Quarterly, vol. 170, 2002, pp. 459-476.
33 Chris Marquis and Mia Raynard, “Institutional Strategies in Emerging Markets,” Academy of Management Annals, vol. 9, no. 1, 2015, pp. 291-335.
34 Jianjun Zhang, Christopher Marquis, and Kunyuan Qiao, “Do Political Connections Buffer Firms From or Bind Firms to the Government? A Study of Corporate Charitable Donations of Chinese Firms,” Organization Science, vol. 27, no. 5, 2016, pp. 1307-1324.
35 Chris Marquis, Ying Zhang, and Shiyu Yang, “China Yintai: Developing Shared Value in China,” Harvard Business School Case 415078, May 2015.
36 Christopher Marquis, Ying Zhang, and Shiyu Yang, “Shared Value with Chinese Characteristics: An Interview with Shen Guojun, Founder, President and CEO of China Yintai,” Management Insights, October 2015: pp. 120-129.
37 http://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/09/alibaba-to-discuss-expansion-plans-with-trumpcompany- aims-to-create-1-million-us-jobs-over-the-next-5-years.html
38 Ma and Parish, “Tocquevillian Moments.”
39 Jianjun Zhang, Christopher Marquis, and Kunyuan Qiao, “Do Political Connections Buffer Firms From or Bind Firms to the Government? A Study of Corporate Charitable Donations of Chinese Firms,” Organization Science, vol. 27, no. 5, 2016, pp. 1307-1324.
Christopher Marquis is the Samuel
C. Johnson Professor in Sustainable Global
Enterprise and Professor of Management at
Cornell University’s Samuel Curtis Johnson
College of Business.
Qi Li is a PhD student at Cornell University’s
Samuel Curtis Johnson College of Business.
Kunyuan Qiao is a PhD student at Texas
A&M University’s Mays Business School.
The authors are grateful to the Satell Institute
for funding to conduct this research.
