Notes
1 G. Albert Ruesga, “Philanthropy’s Albatross: Debunking Theories of Change,” Greater New Orleans Foundation.
2 Paul Brest, “The Power of Theories of Change,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, vol. 8, no. 2, 2010.
3 Kathleen Kelly Janus, “Demystifying the Theory of Change Process,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, September 15, 2017.
4 Susan Colby, Nan Stone, and Paul Carttar, “Zeroing in on Impact,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, vol. 2, no. 2, 2004.
5 Matthew Forti, “Six Theory of Change Pitfalls to Avoid,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, May 23, 2012.
6 William R., Shadish, Thomas D. Cook, and Laura C. Leviton, “Donald T. Campbell: Methodologist of the Experimenting Society,” in Foundations of Program Evaluation: Theories of Practice, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 1990.
7 Joel Fischer, The Effectiveness of Social Casework, Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1976.
8 Mary E. Macdonald, “Reunion at Vocational High: An Analysis of ‘Girls at Vocational High: An Experiment in Social Work Intervention,” Social Service Review, vol. 40, no. 2, 1966.
9 Carol H. Weiss, “Nothing as Practical as Good Theory: Exploring Theory-Based Evaluation for Comprehensive Community Initiatives for Children and Families,” in New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives: Concepts, Methods, and Contexts, Washington, D.C.: The Aspen Institute, 1995.
10 Laura Asher et al., “Community-Based Rehabilitation Intervention for People with Schizophrenia in Ethiopia (RISE): A 12-Month Mixed Methods Pilot Study,” BMC Psychiatry, vol. 18, no. 1, 2018.
11 Pacific Community Ventures, “Our Theory of Change,” April 1, 2019.
12 Danielle Stein and Craig Valters, “Understanding Theory of Change in International Development,” Justice and Security Research Programme, JSRP Paper 1, 2012.
13 Marie Weil, “Applying Practice Theories in Community Work,” in The Handbook of Community Practice, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2012.
14 Tia Ghose, “‘Just a Theory’: 7 Misused Science Words,” Scientific American, April 2, 2013.
15 Loris Vezzali and Sofia Stathi, eds., Intergroup Contact Theory: Recent Developments and Future Directions, New York: Routledge, 2017.
16 Andrew Abbott, “The Idea of Outcome in U.S. Sociology,” in The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2005.
17 Lehn M. Benjamin, “Nonprofit Organizations and Outcome Measurement: From Tracking Program Activities to Focusing on Frontline Work,” American Journal of Evaluation, vol. 33, no. 3, 2012.
18 David A. Campbell and Kristina T. Lambright, “Program Performance and Multiple Constituency Theory,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol. 45, no. 1, 2016.
19 See entry for “impact thesis” in the Impact Management Project glossary at https://impactmanagementproject.com/glossary/#i.
20 J.P. Morgan, Impact Assessment in Practice: Experience from Leading Impact Investors, May 4, 2015.
21 Bernadette Clavier and Neil Malhotra, “Valuing Social Impact Expertise in Impact Investing,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, November 1, 2017.
22 Richard Florida, “It’s Not the Food Deserts: It’s the Inequality,” CityLab, January 18, 2018.
23 Kate Davies and Mel Gray, “The Place of Service-User Expertise in Evidence-Based Practice,” Journal of Social Work, vol. 17, no. 1, 2017.
24 James Noble and Justin Coleman, “Our Theory of Change: Exploring the Role of Sport for Development in the Prevention and Desistance from Crime,” National Alliance of Sport for the Desistance of Crime.
25 Anouk Spruit et al., “Sports Participation and Juvenile Delinquency: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 45, no. 4, 2016.
26 Michael Carter et al., “Index Insurance for Developing Country Agriculture: A Reassessment,” Annual Review of Resource Economics, vol. 9, no. 1, 2017.
27 Emmy De Buck et al., “Approaches to Promote Handwashing and Sanitation Behaviour Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Mixed Method Systematic Review,” Campbell Systematic Reviews, vol. 13, no. 1, 2017.
28 MENTOR, Elements of Effective Practice for Mentoring, 4th ed., 2015.
29 Michael Quinn Patton, Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, 3rd ed., Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publishing, 2002.
30 Lydia Olander et al., GEMS Phase I Report: Oyster Reef Restoration, Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions at Duke University, 2020.
31 Katie Warnell et al., Evidence Library for Oyster Reef Restoration in the Gulf of Mexico, Durham, N.C.: Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions at Duke University.