Notes
1 Joe Cortright and Dillon Mahmoudi, “Lost in Place: Why the Persistence and Spread of Concentrated Poverty—Not Gentrification—Is Our Biggest Urban Challenge,” City Observatory City Report, December 2014.
2 See also, for instance, Purpose Built Communities, “Poverty and Place: A Review of the Science and Research that Have Impacted Our Work,” October 2019; and
Christopher Jencks and Susan E. Mayer, “The Social Consequences of Growing Up in a Poor Neighborhood,” in National Research Council, Inner-City Poverty in the United States, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.
3 Nicholas A. Christakis, Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society, New York: Little, Brown Spark, 2019, pp. 246-47.
4 Robert D. Putnam, “What We Do Together: The State of Social Capital in America Today,” testimony, Hearing of the Joint Economic Committee, United States Congress, 115th Cong., 1st Sess., May 17, 2017, p. 9.
5 John Kania, Mark Kramer, and Peter Senge, “The Water of Systems Change,” FSG report, June 2018, p. 2.
6 Trent Stamp and Cathy Choi, “Philanthropy’s Problem with Single-Issue Solutions,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, April 26, 2021.
7 Robert J. Sampson, “The Neighborhood Context of Well-Being,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 46, no. 3, 2003.
8 “The Road to Network Membership,” Purpose Built Community presentation.
9 Patrick Sharkey, Stuck in Place: Urban Neighborhoods and the End of Progress toward Racial Equality, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013, p. 152.
10 See, for example, the CDC-Kaiser Permanente Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study.
11 Sharkey, Stuck in Place, pp. 92-93.
12 Sharkey, Stuck in Place, pp. 27 and 38-39.
13 Richard Rothstein, The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America, New York: Liveright, 2017.
14 William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
15 Sharkey, Stuck in Place, p. 172.
16 Purpose Built Communities, “Poverty and Place: A Review of the Science and Research that have Impacted our Work,” October 2019, p. 12.
17 Shirley Franklin and David Edwards, “It Takes a Neighborhood: Purpose Built Communities and Neighborhood Transformation,” Investing in What Works for America’s Communities, San Francisco: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and Low Income Investment Fund, 2012, p. 174.
18 Purpose Built Communities, “Miracle at East Lake,” Business Nation feature report, CNBC, May 16, 2013.
19 Franklin and Edwards, “It Takes a Neighborhood,” p. 175.
20 Franklin and Edwards, “It Takes a Neighborhood,” pp. 177-78.
21 Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and Low Income Investment Fund, Investing in What Works for America’s Communities: Essays on People, Place & Purpose, San Francisco, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and Low Income Investment Fund, 2012.
22 Nancy O. Andrews and Brandee McHale, “Community Development Needs a Quarterback,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, July 22, 2014.
23 Joseph P. Williams, “The ‘Secret Sauce’ in Community Transformation,” U.S. News & World Report, November 22, 2019.
24 See Southeast Raleigh Promise website, serpromise.org.
25 See Bayou District Foundation website, bayoudistrictfoundation.com.
26 Purpose Built Communities, “Miracle at East Lake.”
27 Williams, “The ‘Secret Sauce’ in Community Transformation.”
28 Robert J. Sampson, Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 250.
29 City of Atlanta, “Neighborhood Change Report,” Department of City Planning, Office of Housing & Community Development, February 2021.
30 See Charles Marohn, Jr., Strong Towns: A Bottom-Up Revolution to Rebuild American Prosperity, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2019.
31 Ben Hecht, “Reflections on Living Cities’ Integration Initiative,” Living Cities, September 9, 2014.
32 Ellen Shelton, Brian Pittman, and Ryan Steel, “Corridors of Opportunity: Final Evaluation Report,” Wilder Research, March 2014, p. 12.
33 Shelton, Pittman, and Steel, “Corridors of Opportunity,” p. 9.
34 Hecht, “Reflections on Living Cities’ Integration Initiative.”
35 Mary Kay Bailey, “Lessons Learned from Minneapolis/St. Paul from Living Cities,” video interview, Collective Impact Forum, October 29, 2014.
36 Bailey, “Lessons Learned from Minneapolis/St. Paul from Living Cities.”
37 Shelton, Pittman, and Steel, “Corridors of Opportunity.”
38 Hecht, “Reflections on Living Cities’ Integration Initiative.”
39 Shelton, Pittman, and Steel, “Corridors of Opportunity,” p. 11.
40 Hecht, “Reflections on Living Cities’ Integration Initiative,” p. 8.