Notes
1 H. Luke Shaefer, Kathryn Edin, and Tim Nelson, “Understanding Communities of Deep Disadvantage: An Introduction,” Poverty Solutions at the University of Michigan, 2020.
2 Raj Chetty and Nathaniel Hendren, “The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility: Childhood Exposure Effects and County-Level Estimates,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 113, no. 3, 2018.
3 Gareth Cook, “The Economist Who Would Fix the American Dream,” The Atlantic, July 17, 2019.
4 Jingwen Zhang and Damon Centola, “Social Networks and Health: New Developments in Diffusion, Online and Offline,” Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 45, no. 1, 2019.
5 Caroline Fiennes, “We Need a Science of Philanthropy,” Nature News, vol. 546, no. 7657, 2017.
6 Dante Chinni, “Economic Advantage and Disadvantage in Communities of Color,” American Communities Project, 2020.
7 Raj Chetty et al., “Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 24441, December 2019.
8 Alex Neuhoff and Andrew Dunckelman, “Small but Tough: Nonprofits in Rural America,” Bridgespan, 2011.
9 Allison Dymnicki et al., “Willing, Able, Ready: Basics and Policy Implications of Readiness as a Key Component for Implementation of Evidence-Based Interventions,” US Department of Health and Human Services, 2014.
10 Patrick Sharkey, Gerard Torrats-Espinosa, and Delaram Takyar, “Community and the Crime Decline: The Causal Effect of Local Nonprofits on Violent Crime,” American Sociological Review, vol. 82, no. 6, 2017.
11 John L. Pender, “Foundation Grants to Rural Areas from 2005 to 2010: Trends and Patterns,” US Department of Agriculture, 2015.
12 Nathan J. Doogan et al., “Validation of a New Continuous Geographic Isolation Scale: A Tool for Rural Health Disparities Research,” Social Science & Medicine, vol. 215, 2018.
13 We include in the “invisible” group the municipalities that were included only in large regional grants that spanned many counties.
14 Nancy Csuti and Gwyn Barley, “Disrupting a Foundation to Put Communities First in Colorado Philanthropy,” The Foundation Review, vol. 8, no. 4, 2016.
15 Anthony Iton, “Making the Money Work,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, June 2015.
16 Janet Topolsky, “Growing Local Giving and Living: Community Philanthropy in Rural Places,” Council on Foundations, 2008.
17 Reis Thebault, Andrew Ba Tran, and Vanessa Williams, “The Coronavirus Is Infecting and Killing Black Americans at an Alarmingly High Rate,” The Washington Post, April 7, 2020.
Robert Atkins is a former school nurse in the city of Camden and directs New Jersey Health Initiatives, a statewide grantmaking program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. He is an associate professor at Rutgers University-Camden with a joint appointment in nursing and childhood studies.
Sarah R. Allred is an associate professor of psychology and the faculty director of the Senator Walter Rand Institute for Public Affairs at Rutgers University-Camden.
Daniel Hart is a distinguished professor of psychology at Rutgers University-Camden and vice chancellor for the campus. He is the author of Renewing Democracy in Young America and is co-authoring a book on youth groups and democracy with Robert Atkins.