Notes
1 Jason Pontin, “Why We Can’t Solve Big Problems,” MIT Technology Review, November-
December 2012.
2 Eric M. Meslin, Alessandro Blasimme, and Anne Cambon-Thomsen, “Mapping
the Translational Science Policy ‘Valley of Death',” Clinical and Translational
Medicine, 2, 2013.
3 Members of the 2005 “Rising Above the Gathering Storm” Committee, Rising Above
the Gathering Storm, Revisited: Rapidly Approaching Category 5, Washington, D.C.: The
National Academies Press, 2010.
4 Erika Check, “NIH ‘Roadmap’ Charts Course to Tackle Big Research Issues,” Nature,
October 2, 2003; House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, “Bridging
the Valley of Death: Improving the Commercialisation of Research,” House of Commons
(United Kingdom), March 4, 2013.
5 Bruce Gibney, “What Happened to the Future?” Founder’s Fund, January 7, 2014,
http://www.foundersfund.com/uploads/ff_manifesto.pdf
6 Howard S. Miller, Dollars for Research: Science and Its Patrons in Nineteenth-Century
America, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970.
7 Waldemar A. Nielson, The Golden Donors: A New Anatomy of the Great Foundations,
New York: E. P. Dutton, 1985.
8 Robert E. Kohler, “Philanthropy and Science,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society, 129, 1985.
9 Ibid.
10 Thomas J. Billitteri, “Donors Big and Small Propelled Philanthropy in the 20th
Century,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, January 13, 2000.
11 Fiona E. Murray, “Evaluating the Role of Science Philanthropy in American Research
Universities” (working paper), National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2012.
12 Antony Bugg-Levine and Jed Emerson, Impact Investing: Transforming How We Make
Money While Making a Difference, San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
13 Ellen Dorsey and Richard N. Mott, “Philanthropy Rises to the Fossil Divest-Invest
Challenge,” Huffington Post, January 30, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ellendorsey/philanthropy-rises-to-the_b_4690774.html
14 Paul Brest and Kelly Born, “Unpacking the Impact in Impact Investing,” Stanford
Social Innovation Review, August 14, 2013, http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/unpacking_the_impact_in_impact_investing
15 “Program-Related Investments,” US Internal Revenue Service, http://www.irs.gov/Charities-&-Non-Profits/Private-Foundations/Program-Related-Investments
16 Sarah J. Wood, “The Role of Philanthropic Capital in Entrepreneurship: An Empirical
Analysis of Financial Vehicles at the Nonprofit/For-Profit Boundary of Science
and Engineering,” master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012.
17 John R. Labovitz, “1969 Tax Reforms Reconsidered,” in The Future of Foundations,
The American Assembly, 1973.
18 Brest and Born, “Unpacking the Impact in Impact Investing.”
19 Sir Ronald Cohen and William A. Sahlman, “Social Impact Investing Will Be
the New Venture Capital,” HBR Blog Network, January 17, 2013, http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/01/social-impact-investing-will-b
20 Peter Buffett, “The Charitable-Industrial Complex,” The New York Times, July 27, 2013.
Sarah Kearney is founder and
executive
director of PRIME Coalition, a
nonprofit organization that enables families
and foundations to make philanthropic
investments that mitigate climate change.
Fiona Murray is associate dean of innovation
and Alvin J. Siteman (1948) Professor of
Entrepreneurship at the MIT Sloan School of
Management. She is also faculty director of the
Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship.
Matthew Nordan is cofounder and
managing partner of MNL Partners, a firm that
develops energy and environmental projects in
global markets.
