Notes
1 Zhanna Malekos Smith and Eugenia Lostri, The Hidden Costs of Cybercrime, San Jose, California: McAfee, 2020.
2 Enrico Moretti, “Estimating the Social Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-Sectional Data,” Journal of Econometrics, vol. 121, no. 1-2, 2004.
3 See, for example, Brandon Keim, “Open Source for Humanitarian Action,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Winter 2012; John E. Jones, “Open Source Software Is Philanthropy,” October 30, 2017.
4 Frank Nagle et al., “Report on the 2020 FOSS Contributor Survey,” San Francisco: The Linux Foundation, 2020.
5 Frank Nagle, “Learning by Contributing: Gaining Competitive Advantage Through Contribution to Crowdsourced Public Goods,” Organization Science, vol. 29, no. 4, 2018.
6 Linus Dahlander and Martin W. Wallin, “A Man on the Inside: Unlocking Communities as Complementary Assets,” Research Policy, vol. 35, no. 8, 2006.
7 Frank Nagle, “Government Technology Policy, Social Value, and National Competitiveness,” Harvard Business School Strategy Unit Working Paper No. 19-103, 2019.
8 Frank Nagle, “Open Source Software and Firm Productivity,” Management Science, vol. 65, no. 3, 2019.
9 Elizabeth J. Altman and Frank Nagle, “Accelerating Innovation Through a Network of Ecosystems,” MIT Sloan Management Review, vol. 61, no. 4, 2020.
10 Hila Lifshitz-Assaf, “Dismantling Knowledge Boundaries at NASA: The Critical Role of Professional Identity in Open Innovation,” Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 63, no. 4, 2018.