Notes
1 Gilbert Manda, “Brain Drain or Brain Gain?,” New African, vol. 435, December 2004.
2 Jennifer M. Brinkerhoff, Institutional Reform and Diaspora Entrepreneurs: The In-
Between Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
3 Baratashvili’s name and the country to which he migrated have been altered to preserve the firm’s anonymity.
4 Interview with Yemireu Chanyalew, The Making of Zemen Bank, produced by Zelemen Production, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2008.
5 Benjamin A. T. Graham, Investing in the Homeland: Migration, Social Ties, and Foreign Firms, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2019.
Jennifer M. Brinkerhoff is a professor of public administration, international business, and international affairs at the Elliott School of International Affairs at the George Washington University. Her research focuses on public-private partnership, governance, NGOs, development management, and diasporas.
Benjamin A. T. Graham is an associate professor of international relations at the University of Southern California and cofounder of the Security and Political Economy (SPEC) Lab.