Notes
1 Arnulf Grubler et al., “Chapter 24: Policies for the Energy Technology Innovation System (ETIS),” in Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 1665–1744.
2 International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2016: Towards Sustainable Urban Energy Systems, 2016.
3 Ernest Moniz, "How We Solve Climate Change," US Department of Energy, Energy.gov, December 5, 2015.
4 Goksin Kavlak, James McNerney, and Jessika E. Trancik, "Evaluating the Changing Causes of Photovoltaics Cost Reduction," Social Science Research Network, 2016.
5 Varun Sivaram and Shayle Kann, "Solar Power Needs a More Ambitious Cost Target," Nature Energy, 1, 2016, pp. 1–3.
6 David Berney Needleman et al., "Economically Sustainable Scaling of Photovoltaics to Meet Climate Targets," Energy & Environmental Science, 9, 2016, pp. 2122–2129. See also Sarah Kurtz et al., “Solar Research Not Finished,” Nature Photonics, 10, 2016, pp. 141–142.
7 Leon Clarke et al., in Ottmar Edenhofer et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
8 Will Gornall and Ilya A. Strebulaev, “The Economic Impact of Venture Capital: Evidence from Public Companies,” Stanford University Graduate School of Business Research Paper No. 15-55, 2015.
9 Benjamin Gaddy, Varun Sivaram, and Francis O’Sullivan, Venture Capital and Cleantech: The Wrong Model for Clean Energy Innovation, MIT Energy Initiative, 2016.
10 Ben Veghte, “Corporate Venture Investment to Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Hits Fifteen Year High in 2015,” National Venture Capital Association, January 19, 2016.
11 Sarah Kearney, Fiona Murray, and Matthew Nordan, “A New Vision for Funding Science,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Fall 2014.
Scott Burger is a doctoral candidate in the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society at MIT and the technology investment advisor to PRIME Coalition. He has published numerous peer-reviewed articles on climate and energy systems, and has been cited by The New York Times, The Boston Globe, Bloomberg, and other publications.
Fiona Murray is the William Porter Professor of Entrepreneurship, associate dean for innovation, and codirector of the Innovation Initiative at MIT. She is an international expert on the transformation of investments in scientific and technical innovation into innovation-based entrepreneurship. Murray serves on the MassChallenge Global Board of Advisors, the PRIME Coalition board, and the Patient Capital Review for the UK government.
Sarah Kearney is the founder and executive director of PRIME Coalition, a public charity that empowers philanthropists to place charitable capital into market-based solutions to climate change. PRIME’s approach is based on her experience serving as executive director and trustee of the Chesonis Family Foundation and her graduate research in the Engineering Systems Division at MIT.
Liqian Ma is managing director at Cambridge Associates, where he advises university endowments, foundations, pensions, and family offices on the construction of custom private investment portfolios. Ma specializes in venture capital, private equity, private real assets, resource efficiency, and impact investing.
